# selectivity factor equation

K= TRTo/To VR-Vo/To. It is possible to associate a quality factor to each of these losses: [3.42] Q r = 0 L R r Q d = 0 L R d Q c = 0 L R c. Based on the definitions [3.41] and [3.42], we can see that the total quality factor of the structure is given by: [3.43] 1 Q 0 = 1 Q r + 1 Q d + 1 Q c. 0.5 We conducted experiments on two real-world time series data with distributions as shown in the figures. There are a couple of ways to characterize how well chromatographic peaks are separated/resolved. In the unsupervised setting when X = I, selective factor extraction is closely related to sparse principal component analysis. Selectivity is the ability of an HPLC method to separate two analytes from each other. By definition, the selectivity is always greater than one as when is equal to one, the two peaks are co-eluting (i.e. k Retention or Capacity Factor. (2009), Johnstone & Lu (2009) and Ma (2013). Most of these algorithms seek sparse loading vectors separately, and progress sequentially. Now for the calculations, so plugging the values into the equations we get (the reactivity factors R i are in the table above): % 1-chloropropane = 100 x (6 x 1) / (6 x 1 + 2 x 3.9) = 100 x 6 / 13.8 = 43.5 % (experimental = 44 %) The ranking percentile of Cell Reports is around 93% in the field of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular The selective binding ability of MIP-CdS/TiO2 and CdS/TiO2 can be evaluated by the imprinting factor (a) and selectivity coefficient (a) which is calculated by equation (3) and (4), respectively. This factor can be visualized as the distance between two chromatographic peaks. The selectivity factor is defined as the ratio of retention factors for two chromatographic peaks: t0 is the dead time which refers to the elution time of an unretained compound or the time needed for the solvent to travel through the cartridge. The dead volume of the column used is 1mL. Capacity factor (k) depends as mobile phase, stationary phase, quality of column and temperature. Echemi helps you to follow selectivity factor in chromatography equation top By substituting the new formula of selectivity factor into this equation, we obtain the equation of BF. Example calculation to illustrate the equations used by the calculator: The following points are treated in the example: Table 6: Selectivity coefficient and separation factor for a strong base anionic resin. = f r f 2 f 1. Source: PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. Using the temperature dependent optical constants, the spectral selectivity or Q factor of thermal emission from a simple selective thermal emitterspherical Mie resonatormay be computed . Selectivity usually is abbreviated with the Greek letter , and is calculated as: = k 2 / k 1 where k 1 and k 2 are the retention factors, k, of the first and second peaks of a peak pair. The smaller this value, the better the selectivity with respect to the target ion. Selectivity: LC selectivity. 1 K Prime (Capacity Factor or Retention Factor) Formula: 2 k1 = [T (R) T (0)] / T (0)#N#(where T (R) equals the retention time of the peak in minutes and T (0) is#N#the retention 3 The K Prime of your sample must be > 1.00. The selectivity factor is 1 in cases where the two retention factors t R1 and t R2 are identical and the two compounds are co-eluting. A mixture where is 1 cannot be separated. The larger the selectivity factor, the further apart the two peaks become, and a better separation results.

Relative Response Factor (full form of RRF) is an alternate method for the determination of the quantity of the impurities present in pharmaceutical products and amount of the impurity can be calculated with the help of peak area of the components. Selectivity refers to characteristics that determine whether a sensor can respond selec-tively to a group of analytes or even specifically to a single analyte.

Arun Krishna Kodoth. TOC removal reaches 83100% in 90 min with energy consumption of 0.871.07 kWh m 3. The developed model is a coupled set of nonlinear algebraic equations which can be solved for micropore ion concentrations and electrode Donnan potential at cell equilibrium. We know that, Rf = Distance travelled by a solute / Distance travelled by a solvent. Selectivity can be calculated using capacity factor. The selectivity factor is defined as the ratio of retention factors for two chromatographic peaks: Where tR1 is the retention time of compound one. stereoselectivity factor (s) [9] is more widely used. Selectivity Factor. Cell Reports has been ranked #13 over 204 related journals in the Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all) research category. After some algebraic manipulations, one arrives at equation 1.2: In equation 1.2. Ce/Qe =Ce/Qm + 1/ (Qm*KL) Qm can be calculated from the slope of the plot. Science; Chemistry; Chemistry questions and answers; Consider the following equation for the resolution of a separation Resolution squareroot N (alpha - 1) k_B 4 alpha k_B + 1 where N is the number of theoretical plates, a is the relative retention or selectivity factor, and k_B is the retention factor of the slower moving compound. In the resolution equation, t R is the retention time of the analyte, and t 0 is the void time (sometimes t M).The retention factor is a unitless number. Stability is the ability of a sensor to provide reproducible results for a certain period of time. Selectivity usually is abbreviated with the Greek letter , and is calculated as: = k 2 / k 1 where k 1 and k 2 are the retention factors, k, of the first and second peaks of a peak pair. Subscribe to FREE learning from the experts! View more Equation (1) indicates that the resolution is the difference between peak retention times divided by the average peak width. Calculate the separation factor (or selectivity factor), between two compounds, 1 and 2, whose retention volumes are 6mL and 7mL, respectively. 38-43. Download scientific diagram | Capacity factor or Capacity ratio (K) 4.4.9.2. 12.1 Dose-Response Curves. Definition of the Selectivity Factor Case 1. It is generally calculated by k = (t R - t M)/t M = t R /t M. g) The selectivity factor () of a column for two analytes (A eluting before B) is given by = K B /K A = k(B)/k(A) = t The biological component could be an It is a relative retention factor that defines retention in multiples of the time at which an unretained peak elutes, t 0 or t M.. The greater the selectivity value, the further apart the apices of the two peaks become. The algorithm consists of 5 main steps with step 1 being the definition of the problem. Selectivity and Q of a Circuit. EP217609 is a new dual-action parenteral anticoagulant that combines an indirect factor Xa inhibitor (fondaparinux analog) and a direct thrombin inhibitor (-NAPAP analog) in a single molecule together with a biotin tag to allow avidin neutralization. where ai represents the activity of an ion other than the target ion denoted by i, and is a value indicating the impact that ion B has on the sensor used to measure ion A. The Nicolsky-Eisenman equation defines the selectivity coefficient. Equation 1-3-8 will be expressed as Equation 1-3-10. The Q factor implies energy losses within a resonant device that might be anything from a mechanical pendulum, an entity in a mechanical structure, or from an electrical circuit, such as a resonant circuit.. Q factor shows the energy loss due to the quantity of energy contained in the design.

The difference between tolerance and control of a plant is determined by the size of the dose. For example in the Catalytic Reformer Unit, the aim is to convert the Paraffins & Naphthenes into Iso-Paraffins and Aromatics. The separation factor, the selectivity coefficient and the distribution coefficient are expressed in the following equations; Eqs.I-3-7 1-3-9. Selectivity (Separation Factor) If there are more than one solutes (say two solutes A and B), then consideration should be given to the selectivity of the solvent for solute A as against B. Selectivity factor The selectivity factor for two analytes in a column provides a measure of how well the column will separate the two. Selectivity ( ) The relative retention of two adjacent peaks. The separation factor , (1.24) enables the comparison of two adjacent peaks 1 and 2 present in the same chromatogram (Figure 1.8). Retention factor k. Retention factor is sometimes also referred to as capacity factor. Example 1.

Selectivity = resonance frequency/3-dB Bandwidth. Using Equations 1.20 and 1.19, it can be concluded that the separation factor can be expressed by Equation 1.25. Without delving too much into the mathematics of Equation 1, it should be stated that if either of the two parameters described above is altered, then the RELATIVE retention factor of the solutes within the stationary phase will change independently of each other, and a change in selectivity (relative retention factor) will occur. Since it is mathematically identical and thus synonymous to the E-value, the SELECTIVITY program can be likewise applied. Finally, calculate the Selectivity Factor. Note that the selectivity S ij of a reaction i over a competing reaction j is defined as r i /r j where r i and r j are the reaction rates of reactions i and j, respectively. However, in the process, coke formation also takes place which is not desirable.

Processing_Gain [dB] = 10*LOG[BW [Hz] / Data_Rate [Hz]] Eb/No [dB] = S/N [dB] + 10*LOG[BW [Hz] / Data_Rate [Hz]] RX_Input_Noise_Power_max [dBm] = Sensitivity Greater the selectivity factor, greater will be the separation between the two components. The selectivity (or separation) factor () is the ability of the chromatographic system to chemically distinguish between sample components. It is usually measured as a ratio of the retention (capacity) factors (k) of the two peaks in question and can be visualized as the distance between the apices of the two peaks. Retention factor = 0.42. Linear plot of Langmuir isotherm model is obtained by the formula. Here are a number of highest rated Selectivity Equation pictures on internet.

Chromatographic resolution is a function of column efficiency (N), retention (k) and selectivity (). 1 K Prime (Capacity Factor or Retention Factor) Formula: 2 k1 = [T (R) T (0)] / T (0)#N#(where T (R) equals the retention time of the peak in minutes and T (0) is#N#the retention 3 The K Prime of your sample must be > 1.00. It is often the case that additional (unwanted) reactions may occur in our reactor that either divert reactants to something else or use our product after it is made. Multiple Reactions. Q can be defined in a way that allows it to be used for tuned circuits as a measure of the selectivity or sharpness of tuning. Discussions about GC and other "gas phase" separation techniques. Capacity factor (k) is a signal of how extended an analyte can be retained over the stationary phase. Therefore we can say that optimal k' values are also between 2 and 5. Anion: Selectivity Factor: Separation Factor: Cl-1.0: 1: NO 3-4: 3.2: SO 4 2-0.15: 9.1:

Selectivity is a relative measure of the retention of two solutes, which we define using a selectivity factor, $$\alpha = \frac{k_b}{k_a}$$ Note that unless 2 peaks elute a the same time, then > 1.0 Example problem: The Fick principle states that the change in the quantity of substrate in an organ q(t) is equal to the arterial flow F times the arterial concentration C A (t) minus the venous flow times the venous concentration C V (t). Greater Wilmington, NC USA. Selectivity Retention factor of first peak Retention factor of second peak Equation 3: Selectivity equation Selectivity is defined as the ratio in capacity factors. The response curve for a tuned circuit is shown in the figure above, and the quality factor, Q, may be obtained as follows: where f C is the center frequency of the tuned circuit, f 1 is the upper 3-dB frequency, and f 2 is the lower 3-dB frequency. Powers, in Stroke (Fourth Edition), 2004 Fick Principle. Substituting these relationships into equation (1) gives results in equation (2). It appears that while the separation of the compounds B and C is at the limit (R S = 1.5), then the separation of C and D is not satisfactory (R S = 1.4). Thus selective can mean tending to choose carefully and selectivity, the state or quality of being selective. The selectivity coefficients of typical interfering ions are listed in the table below. The first thing to notice about this term is that there are diminishing returns to resolution as it is made excessively large. their retention factor values are identical). Allyson R. Zazulia, William J. f) The retention factor (k) is the ratio of the amount of analyte in the stationary phase to the amount in the mobile phase.

Not all validation guidelines (R S) from the preceding peak was calculated for the last 3 peaks according to equation 1. Thus, the larger the Q factor, the lower the rate of energy loss, and hence the slower the By definition is greater than unity (species 1 elutes faster than species 2): Recommended Reading: 1 K. Faber, Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, pp. This means that band broadening must be limited. The role of Capacity Factor / Ratio (K prime) in chromatography is to provide a calculation or formula which defines how much interaction the solute (sample peak) has with the stationary phase material (the relat ive time interacting with the support vs. the mobile phase).If this interaction is too short, then no chromatography has taken place and you have just developed a (Eq 1) Table 1. In a peak with Gaussian distribution, the peak width is W = 4 (where is the standard deviation) and the peak FWHM is W0.5h = 2.354. Equation 6 Calculation of optimum ratio of particle size and column length, with selectivity factor, a capacity factor of second component of critical pair under analytical chromatography conditions, fe 02 diffusion coefficient, (cm /s) (typical value for MW 1000 10 cm /s) viscosity, p (cP) specific permeability (1.2 X 10 for spherical particles), feo third term of the Knox equation, C and the actual accuracy limit factor. The quality factor measures the performance of a coil, a capacitor, or an inductor in terms of its losses and resonator bandwidth. The latter parameter varies considerably upon passing from the macro- to the nanoscale, thus predicting considerable variations of product selectivity. If the response of the circuit is more narrowly peaked around the chosen frequency, we say that the circuit has higher "selectivity". Equation (1) indicates that the resolution is the difference between peak retention times divided by the average peak width. The selectivity between the 2 solutes A and B is defined as the ratio of the distribution coefficient of A to the distribution coefficient of B. 2.

Its submitted by running in the best field. drug) is needed to inhibit, in vitro, a given biological process or biological component by 50%. We acknowledge this kind of Selectivity Equation graphic could possibly be the most trending topic behind we part it in google help or facebook. For the two peaks on the chromatograms in Figure 1, a separation factor is calculated as follows (follows ( tRA tRB are retention times of, respectevely, compounds A and B; Selectivity is defined in Equation 2 as It is the ratio of capacity factors for two chromatographic peaks. Next, gather the formula from above = a = K2/ K1. Helpful HPLC Equations Calculate common HPLC values below. ( Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1162 [ Terms] [ Paper] See also: isoselective relationship. Asymmetry, Peak Shape; Capacity Factor (Relative Retention) Column Efficiency: Theoretical Plates (N) 1/2 Height Selectivity (Separation Factor) Use Retention Times; Void Volume (from Column Dimensions) Bookmark this page (Ctrl-D) for easy access. 2 posts Page 1 of 1. separation factor vs selectivity factor, and holdup time. The degree of this effect can be expressed by using selectivity coefficient K in the following formula: where aK+ is the potassium ion concentration, and ax is the interfering ion concentration. Values of and ( 1)/ . N 2 is the plate number of the second peak, k 2 is the retention factor of the second peak and alpha is the selectivity factor defined as the ratio of k 2 and k 1. Table 1. If the discrimination factor d and the selectivity factor k of a Chebyshev I filter are 0.077 and 0.769 respectively, then what is the order of the filter? by nelidag Fri Oct 14, 2011 12:28 pm Our ideal filter would have a shape factor of unity, but where this is not physically realizable we seek the smallest shape factor we can. Equation has been shown to overestimate carrier mobility by 10%40% , though it captures the temperature scaling trend correctly . Notice that the ( 1)/ term approaches a value of 1 at high values of . The selectivity factor between o-terphenyl and triphenylene is indicative of steric selectivity as the former has the ability to twist and bend, while the latter has a fairly rigid structure and can be retained quite differently. Next, determine the retention factor of the first peak. To obtain optimal separations, sharp, symmetrical chromatographic peaks must be obtained. Hydrogen bonding capacity (HBC) is the selectivity factor between caffeine and phenol, which provides a Chromatographic Selectivity. Or analyte has how much interact with the stationary phase. Selectivity is usually measured by the separation factor (the ratio of the retention factors for any two peaks in the chromatogram). See, for example, Zou et al. These are characteristics of the signal channel. k = Capacity Factor (retention) influenced by stationary and mobile phase, gradient slope and dwell volume (gradients) Resolution Determined by 3 Key Parameters Efficiency, Selectivity and Retention The Fundamental Resolution Equation Resolution can be expressed in terms of the components we have discussed thus far. KL can be The high water-salt selectivity of the polyamide layer originates from the subnanometer free volumes (or pores) between polymer chains that substantially hinder the transport of ions compared to the smaller water molecules ().While extensive research has sought to further improve water-salt selectivity, more recently, demand has grown for ion-ion selectivity; that is, a selective Selectivity Equation. Figure 1. Resonant circuits are used to respond selectively to signals of a given frequency while discriminating against signals of different frequencies. In Figure 1, you will see that there is better selectivity between peaks A and B than between B and C. Calculations are provided to Show that this factor is equal to the ratio of the distribution coefficients K2/K1 of these. = k 2 k 1 Trennzahl Number A value to describe a separation. nelidag Posts: 1 Joined: Tue Aug 23, 2011 12:22 pm. For example, we could take 3dB to define the pass band and 60dB to use the stop band, and then use equation 1 to calculate shape factor. You want to know selectivity factor in chromatography equation information? EP217609 exhibits an unprecedented pharmacologic profile in showing high bioavailability, long plasma half-life, and The smaller the value of K, the less the interference. Selectivity is the ability of a particular catalyst to favour the desirable reactions rather than the undesirable reactions. First, determine the retention factor of the second peak. We identified it from obedient source. 2 5